body, my wish being to give him confidence. If I were to make a step forward, he would immediately spring back, which result would be the opposite to that which I wished to obtain. If nothing has frightened him while he is coming to me, and if my pats on his neck and my voice have shown him that he need not fear my presence, he will soon gain confidence, and will of himself try to come to me, and all the more readily when he finds that tranquility is to be obtained only at the centre of the school. He ought to have sufficient confidence to come up to the breaker without fear, but he should do so only at a given signal. Our object is to make him understand this signal without the use of the lunging rein, which will be discontinued later on.

I use the driving whip to make the horse come up to me in obedience to my order, and I give him light and repeated flicks on the buttock, ribs, or shoulder, while always seeking to block the side from which he tries to escape. In order to make the animal go forward, I sometimes touch him on the breast, in which case his first movement is to run back ; but I continue to hold him tightly with the lunging rein, and while preventing him from running back, I call out " whoa ! "

If he runs back, he does so because he is afraid of the whip. An unbroken horse does not fly from a sting, flick, or prod ; on the contrary, he goes up to it and lies against it.

We shall see further on that the effect obtained on a mounted horse by the pressure of the leg or by a touch of the spur is due solely to education. A horse in a state of nature will do the very opposite to what he will do when broken. For instance, stung on the right flank by a fly, he will bring himself round to the right, until he meets some object against which he can rub himself or even lie upon.

The sight of the driving whip makes him run away from it, but its touch makes him go forward. As soon as the tension of the lunging rein has shown him that he cannot get away