have great experience in using the whip. If, instead of lightly dropping on the shoulder, the lash touches or brushes by the head, the horse will start back, and we shall then obtain a movement which is the exact opposite of what we wanted. Also, if the horse is a bit lively, we may stimulate him with a click of the tongue, which is a form of stimulus we should not use too much, because it might upset other horses when we are in company.

If the use of the driving whip makes the horse plunge or go off into the canter, as it often does, I soothe him by lightly shaking the lunging rein and speaking to him at the same time. The lunging rein should never be kept tight, but should remain in touch with the mouth only by its own weight, and by the vibrations which the breaker gives it.

I have already said that the voice is a powerful help in breaking. If, when we shake the lunging rein to make the animal adopt a slower pace, we call out loudly " trot ! " no matter how stupid he may be, he will soon connect in his mind the effect produced on his mouth and the sound which falls on his ears. At first he will obey only the combined impression, but he will soon learn to obey the voice by itself.

When I have obtained a free trot which is kept up for the time required, I bring the horse to the walk by lightly shaking the rein, in the same manner as I made him change from the canter into the trot. Here also I use the voice rather loudly, though mildly, in saying " whoa ! "

The next step is to make the horse come up to the breaker. To do this, I gently shorten the rein and draw the horse towards me, while walking backwards with very short steps, so that he gradually gets closer to me. When he has arrived within reach of my stretched-out arm, I pat him on the neck and soothe him with the voice. I take great care to avoid making the slightest forward movement with the