same distance between the reins of the curb and those of the snaffle as determined by the little finger and thumb.

By an inverse movement, we can replace the four reins in the left hand, in the position which they previously occupied. I need hardly add that, until the breaking of the horse is fairly well advanced, we do not draw up all four reins, which would consequently tend to combine and sometimes even to confuse their effects. When we have to deal with a green or insufficiently broken horse, in which case we may require to produce very quickly precise and particularly decisive effects, it is well to separate the reins.

TEACHING A HORSE BY THE WHIP TO OBEY LEGS AND SPURS.

I invariably begin my lesson by repeating the former exercises, but every day I require something new from the horse.

As soon as the horse goes freely in every direction with a slight play of the jaw, I teach him to obey the leg and then the spur. This work should be done on foot and by means of the cutting whip.

While facing the horse, I take the snaffle in the left hand^[1] close to the mouth so as to hold the head high. With the whip, which I hold in my right hand, I touch the horse very lightly just behind the girths, at the place where the spur will act, and at the same time I carry his head to the left.^[2] The horse should thereupon carry his haunches to the right. He will show that he obeys by taking one or two steps in that