the sight of the horse by placing it along the outside of my left leg. With the right hand I catch the snaffle reins close to the animal's mouth and just below his chin (Fig. 1), and then take a few paces forward. If the horse also advances, I pat him on the neck ; but if he refuses to do so, I touch him up behind, close to the girths with the whip. Occasionally, a green horse at first refuses to advance and requires a touch of the whip, which is generally sufficient. Some horses refuse to go forward, especially if we make them bend their necks, in which case I replace the cutting whip by the lunging whip, with which I hit the animal on the hind quarters and always succeed in making him go on.

Fig. 1.—Leading a horse forward.

I wish to direct my readers' special attention to this decisive moment, on which contest depends our future success with the horse. It is important to understand that at this moment the animal pays no heed to the demands of his breaker and is ignorant of the breaker's means of coercion. He has not yet learned to fear punishment, and knows little about the reassuring nature of pats on the neck.