as shadows, rays of the sun, puddles, streams, and heaps of stones. They pay no heed to things which are above them.

There are also horses which are afraid only of things which come behind them, such as children, dogs, horses, and carriages. They seem afraid only of things which they do not see.

My only advice about the management of nervous horses is to give them confidence by " making much of them." If we see in front of us an object which we know our horse will be afraid of, we should not force him to go up to it. Better let him at first go away from it, and then gently induce him to approach it, without bullying him too much. Work him in this way for several days, as long as may be necessary. Never bring him so close up to the object in question that he will escape or spin round ; because in this case we will be obliged to punish him ; not for his fear, but on account of his spinning round, which we should not tolerate at any time. In punishing him, we will confuse in his mind the fear of punishment and the fear caused by the object. In a word, with nervous horses we should use much gentleness, great patience, and no violence.

It now remains only to speak of horses which are wrongly classed as nervous, which have all the appearance of fear, but which are only vicious.

All horses are very fond of their stable, and are more lively and impetuous when they are returning to it than when leaving it. Those of whom I speak seem to have only the idea of returning to their stable, and of seeking every occasion of making a move to the rear, in the form of a spin round. We see them stop at the most trifling object which they meet, and then they wheel round sharply if the rider shows the slightest hesitation. These horses, I repeat, are not afraid ; they are vicious, and nothing I have said about