whip. In any case, we must make the animal go forward at all cost. Here we are in a pitched battle, and we have got to know whether the man or the horse is to be master. We should on no account yield. Any means will do, because we must win the battle, otherwise the horse will be restive. Of course, I do not advise violent spurring or other severe measures, unless the horse obstinately runs back, in which case the only alternative left to the breaker is not to be beaten.

If the horse finds out that he can escape work by running back, he will become the master of his rider ; and every time the rider uses the spurs, no matter for what movement, the horse will run back. If the man does not inflict exemplary punishment, while the animal is running back, he had best give up the breaking, and—which is still wiser—the horse.

We ought to remain cool, however energetically we may act. If we give way to anger, we will become more quickly exhausted than the horse. With this proviso, punish the horse coolly and severely until he learns that the more he goes back, the more pain he will suffer, and consequently he will go forward, in which case we should immediately pat him on the neck, get off, and stop the lesson.

It does not matter whether the struggle takes place at the beginning or middle of the lesson, but as soon as the horse yields we should stop it, because, if we recommence the work, we cannot be sure of obtaining a second concession in the same lesson, especially if the horse has been obstinate for a long time. Besides, we are both tired, and the animal can offer only passive resistance, which is the most terrible of all. We may kill him by blows, but he will not stir. We have gone beyond his strength, and by persisting we will succeed only in disgusting him for ever.

We should therefore profit by the smallest concession, and should, above all things, avoid prolonging the punishment when