but also for outdoor work, without using a curb-chain, which may remain hooked up on one of the curb-hooks, so that it may be instantly used in case of need. As a rule, it should not be employed unless the rider finds that he needs its help. When he uses it, he should never put more tension on it than is actually required ; the proper maximum being when the curb-chain is tightened up, so that it makes an angle of 45° with the lower jaw.

As the tension of the curb-chain should be proportionate of the sensitiveness of the bars, so should the pressure caused by the pull of the reins be proportionate to the resistance. If this resistance is slight, the effort to overcome it should be light, and the point of its application should be high up on the jaw. If the resistance is great, the effort should be energetic, and it should be applied low down. Therefore, without greatly altering the middle position which the mouth-piece should occupy between the tushes and the corners of the lips, we may raise or lower the mouth-piece so that the horse may yield his jaw by, respectively, a light feeling of the reins, or by a strong pull on them. In other words, the softer the mouth is, the higher should be the mouth-piece ; and the harder, the lower should it be placed. In no case, however, should it press on, or even touch, the corners of the lips or the tushes.

We learn from the foregoing remarks that the proper tension of the curb-chain and the right position of the mouth-piece in the mouth of a young horse can be found only from experience, which should be gained from very slight effects that can be gradually increased in severity as the case may demand.

MARTINGALE.

The martingale prevents a horse from star-gazing and throwing up his head, and helps the rider to guide him. If a