enough tact to obtain the natural passage. I never teach it nowadays.^[1]

The piaffer is only a natural passage without gaining ground. There are two kinds of piaffers : one, which is slow, high and difficult, and which some horses will not stand ; the other, which is hurried and close to the ground, and which almost all horses can learn.

The high and slow piaffer differs from the natural passage, only by its being done entirely without gaining ground. We can obtain it by shortening the passage step by step, until it is done on one spot. The piaffer therefore requires more rassembler, and therefore more use of the legs and more delicacy of the hand, than the passage.^[2]

When a horse has not been taught the passage, the piaffer will be a consequence of the walk. A vigorous and impatient horse can easily be taught the hurried piaffer, which will not be regular unless he has been instructed in accordance with the rules of equitation.

It is not enough for the horse to be lively and vigorous, in order to make him do the piaffer by exciting him with the cutting whip, legs, or clicks of the tongue. By these means we will no doubt succeed in making him impatient, but not in teaching him the manner in which he should put his feet on the ground ; and we may be certain that if he puts them