ii8 ORDINARY RIDING.

shoulders inert ; and the ordinary pirouette, that of fixing the hind quarters on the ground.

We cannot get a horse to do a pirouette, if we drive him forward.

At the beginning of breaking we should not employ any movement which will leave one part of the horse stationary, for the great point is to make the horse move with his whole body.

Instead of pirouettes, it is better to do ordinary and reversed voltes, in which we can always press the horse up to his bridle. The volte is, in fact, only a pirouette described on a large circle.

In the reversed volte, the croup describes the great circumference. A horse which enlarges the circle has a tendency to get behind his bit. In the ordinary volte the shoulders describe the great circumference. Then, if the horse diminishes the size of the circle, he has a tendency to get behind his bit, to avoid which fault he should be kept between the legs. We should ask him to do only movements which bring his whole body into play, and we should keep pressing him forward.

SCHOOL WALK.

When the horse is well in hand at the ^^■alk, we can make him do the "school walk," which is a shorter, lighter, and more cadenced pace than the ordinary walk. In it, the feet are put down in the same succession as in the trot, from which it differs only by the fact that its steps are shorter.

To obtain the school walk, we should use the legs energetically and the hands moderately ; should make numerous movements with the horse's whole body by means of these aids ;^[1] and should cover as little ground as possible, by